COVID-19 pandemic: an opportunity to monitor the naturalness of show caves

The CO2 air concentration variations in show caves can be linked to natural and/or anthropogenic factors. The CO2 increase, linked to climate change or anthropogenic impact, can alter the rock-atmosphere interface and damaging speleothems and ecosystems, therefore, knowing the natural dynamics in the underground environment is fundamental. Today, before the opening of new tourist caves, a year monitoring of the main environmental parameters is recommended. Instead, the show caves opened in the past hardly have previous data relative to the natural environmental parameter variations. Thanks to the closure of the caves for Covid-19 pandemic restrictions, it was possible to make assessments in the absence of tourists, highlighting the natural CO2 air concentration variations. To understand the environmental parameters dynamics in three NW Italian show caves, a continuous monitoring of the main parameters (temperature, air circulation, CO2, etc.) was carried out for a year. To monitor the CO2 air concentration, VAISALA systems with INDIGO 520 sensors were installed in different cave areas, with two GMP 252 probes (maximum error 2%) each. The data was continuously recorded with intervals of 10 minutes. From the reopening after the COVID-19 restrictions, daily variations of CO2 air concentrations related to the tourist flow were observed in Toirano caves, Liguria, with an increase of even 1000 ppm. In Borgio Verezzi cave, Liguria, during the winter and spring closure period due to restrictions from COVID-19, CO2 values between 500 and 650 ppm were measured. Since the reopening of the cave, marked decrease of CO2 of about 1000 ppm in the weeks and of about 2000 ppm in the weekends were monitored; these decreases seem to be linked to the opening of the main door, resulting in significant air exchange and reduction of the concentration of the CO2 air concentration. In Bossea cave, Piedmont, during the closing period, natural variations of CO2 air concentration between 750 and 1000 ppm were recorded in winter and spring. In the summer, a further increase, partly natural and partly linked to the anthropic impact was recorded. The anthropogenic increase occurred of about 50 ppm in the week and doubled during weekends and holidays

Study of the Trends of Chemical–Physical Parameters in Different Karst Aquifers: Some Examples from Italian Alps

The results of a series of continuous characterizations of physical parameters (flow, temperature, water conductivity) and chemical analyses in water springs fed by karst aquifers located in the Piedmont region (northwestern Italy) are presented in this work. Rock masses in carbonate rocks, characterized by very different hydrogeological situations, linked to a different degree of karstification, fracturing, and development of the saturated zone, were examined. A series of data-loggers were installed, operating for several years, and different water sampling missions and subsequent chemical analyses (main ions, metals, and rare earth elements) under different hydrodynamic conditions were carried out. The results show very different trends of chemical–physical water parameters, particularly following significant infiltrative events. Aquifers characterized by a high karstification and reduced saturated zone highlight water mineralization decreases, even within a few hours, as a result of significant flow rate increases (prevalent substitution). Aquifers with a well-developed saturated zone, during an entire flood event, highlight an increase in mineralization linked to the remobilization of water present in the less permeable sectors of the aquifer (piston flow phenomenon). Lastly, aquifers fed by very fractured rocky masses and reduced karstification have a water flow rate with mild annual variations and constant chemical–physical parameters over time (homogenization phenomenon)

Kinds of aquifer recharges in carbonate rocks

Aquifer supplies, supply factors, primary and secondary recharge, recharge contributions